Events

Explanation of the problem

Visitors to outdoor sports events (such as marathons and cycling races) and festivals (music, theatre, dance) are particularly susceptible to heat stress. This is due to the physical exertion of the participants and the fact that many people are gathered in one often open, unprotected place. Attendees and festival organisers must be prepared for this. Heat during events also puts additional pressure on emergency services, such as the Red Cross.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → to determine where in the event area the likelihood of heat stress is highest and to identify areas where no cooling can be found.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the increase in the number of days with an elevated risk of heat stress during events.
Overview and locations of festivals and events in the summer half-year → to determine which events are at risk of heat stress.

Some measures and guidelines

Organizers can:

Inform participants in advance about risks and measures.
Install extra water points and distribute water bottles.
Distribute hats, caps, fans, and sunscreen.
Enlist additional first aid personnel (trained to recognize conditions caused by heat).
Create shade (permanently with greenery or temporarily with cloths or umbrellas).
Introduce breaks (at dance events).
Modify the event (shorten, relocate, adjust the program).
Cancel the event.
See also information from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM))

Visitors can:

Reduce alcohol consumption and drink enough water or sports drinks.
Protect themselves from sunburn.
Wear lightweight clothing.
Adjust performance levels.

See also tips from the Public Health Service Environment (GGD Leefomgeving)(in Dutch).

Social nuisance

Explanation of the problem

During hot days, city residents seek relief in outdoor spaces both during the day and in the evening. People sit in their gardens, on their balconies, in parks, green areas, along or on the water, and on hospitality terraces. This often leads to increased social cohesion and interaction, but in some cases, it also results in more noise, aggressive behaviour, odour nuisance (due to barbecues), and increased litter. The police receive more complaints as a result.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of days when the likelihood of social nuisance may be higher.
Map of attractive cool spots → provides insight into where the pressure on outdoor spaces may increase during hot days and the likelihood of social nuisance.

Some measures and guidelines

Impose a local smoking and/or burning ban.
Designate areas where barbecuing is allowed (and until what time).
Temporarily place toilets and trash bins in areas where many people stay during hot days and evenings.
Increase management and maintenance to keep outdoor spaces in popular areas clean and pleasant.

Pressure on outdoor spaces

Explanation of the problem

During hot days, city residents seek relief in cool outdoor spaces both during the day and in the evening. They head to parks, green areas, urban water bodies (ponds, canals, channels), city beaches, swimming areas, fountains, and paddling pools. This demands more or different management and maintenance by the municipality of outdoor spaces and attention to water quality in swimming areas from water boards and the province. The move to go outside can also lead to social nuisance and, positively, to increased social cohesion and encounters.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → indicates which locations in outdoor spaces are hot or cool and where the pressure on cool outdoor spaces may be significant.
Map of attractive cool places, including official and unofficial swimming locations → provides insight into where the pressure on outdoor spaces is increasing.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in the number of days with increased pressure on outdoor spaces.
Map of attractive cool places, including official and unofficial swimming locations → provides insight into where the pressure on outdoor spaces is increasing.

Some measures and guidelines

Create better access and usage opportunities for public green spaces.
Create more cooling outdoor spaces such as parks, city beaches, and paddling pools with benches in the shade.
Ensure more swimming facilities (including waste disposal facilities and toilets) and monitor swimming water quality.
Provide information on where safe swimming water is available and where swimming is prohibited or discouraged (see also the map of swimming water quality in the Netherlands).

Damage to nature

Explanation of the problem

Heat can cause damage to urban greenery, such as shrubs, perennial plants, hedges, trees, and lawns. Urban agriculture, private gardens, and vegetable gardens can also suffer damage as a result. If heat is accompanied by drought, the damage to urban greenery can increase even more. The damage to greenery is not always irreversible, as lawns often recover with increasing rain, and older trees can usually withstand it. Plane trees and elms can also tolerate heat and drought fairly well, but birch trees may struggle more.

Trees could topple due to heat and drought, causing damage to pipes (both wastewater and drinking water). Dry and dead greenery also provides less cooling than healthy, juicy greenery. Additionally, surface water warms up during hot days, increasing the risk of botulism and blue-green algae, leading to a general disturbance of the ecosystem.

Negative consequences for animals include toads and fish living in ponds that (partially) dry up and insects that do not survive the drought. There is also an increased demand for the animal ambulance for the care and transportation of, for example, cats, weakened waterfowl due to botulism, and dehydrated animals (birds and hedgehogs).

The effects of heat and drought on nature primarily affect city residents, recreationists, water board managers, and municipal departments such as green management, incurring additional costs in both daily green management and major maintenance.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in damage to nature due to heat.
Locations of parks, green belts, grassy areas, vegetable gardens, and private gardens → provides insight into the locations where damage may occur.
Inventory of private and municipal trees (with type) → provides insight into locations with vulnerable trees.
Locations with surface water and water quality → provides insight into the (critical) locations where water quality may be a problem.

Some measures and guidelines

Opt for diverse and climate-resistant urban greenery (vegetation species resistant to climate extremes and the future climate).
Watering urban greenery according to prevailing guidelines.
Monitoring cooling water discharges.
Limiting the risk of wildfires (see measures on the website of the Dutch Fire Brigade (in Dutch)).
Spatial adaptation to better retain water in wet times so that it can be used in dry times.
See also cooling tips (in Dutch) for pets.

Retail

Explanation of the problem

On hot days, fewer people go shopping in retail areas that are uncomfortably warm. This can lead to a decrease in productivity and turnover. Cooled retail environments may become busier.

Perishable goods can lose their shelf life more quickly due to the heat, leading to potential revenue loss. At the same time, there is an increase in demand for cooling foods and products such as ice cream, soft drinks, swimwear, air conditioners, and fans. Generally, more energy is needed for the cooling of retail spaces and perishable goods.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into which retail areas are sufficiently cool and pleasant for shopping and which are not.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of days when the retail sector may be affected by hot weather.

Some measures and guidelines

Spatial adaptation to keep the outdoor temperature and perceived temperature low (see comfort in the city) in shopping streets, market squares, and parking lots.
Creating shade with trees, pergolas, awnings, or cloths above shopping streets, market squares, and parking lots.
Installing misting systems on terraces and in shopping streets (but be mindful of the risk of Legionella spread).
Adjusting store hours.
Install free water supply points (free drinking water supply points – map of the Netherlands).

Schools and childcare

Explanation of the problem

During hot days, the temperature in school classrooms and childcare locations can rise significantly. This occurs especially in buildings with poor insulation, those lacking air conditioning or ventilation, classrooms or spaces with flat roofs, and on the top floors. High temperatures in school buildings can lead to health problems. Children may experience fatigue, concentration problems, shortness of breath, headaches, overheating, and dehydration.

In addition, outdoor areas and playgrounds around schools and childcare centres can become hot and unpleasant if they consist of a lot of pavement and have little shade and greenery.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → to determine which playgrounds and areas around schools are most at risk of heat stress and to identify areas where no cooling can be found.
Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in the built-up area, now and in the future. If it doesn’t cool down outside at night, it becomes more challenging to keep schools and childcare centres comfortably cool.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → gives an indication of the increase in the problem.
Maps with information about buildings (such as construction year and energy labels) → to estimate which schools and childcare centres may become uncomfortably warm.
Overview of locations of schools and childcare centres.

Some measures and guidelines

Building adjustments such as:
- - Sun protection (preferably outside than inside) and installing overhangs to prevent excessive heat from entering (especially important in well-insulated buildings with a lot of sunlight).
  - Implementing active or passive ventilation.
  - Green/blue roofs and facades to prevent internal climate warming.
Adjustments to playgrounds:
- - Creating additional shade on the playground and establishing green playgrounds.
  - Setting up drinking water points.
Other measures:
- - Establishing and using a heat wave protocol.
  - Engaging in quiet games, staying in the shade, or playing water games.
  - Adjusting sports days.
  - Implementing a hot weather schedule.
  - Drinking more water.
  - Protecting against the sun (hats, sunscreen).
See also tips from the Public Health Service Environment (GGD Leefomgeving)(in Dutch), tips from the Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD) for schools and childcare, and tips from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM): Day care centres and schools.

Indoor labour productivity

Explanation of the problem

Many people work in buildings. During a heatwave, indoor temperatures can rise significantly. This occurs especially in buildings with poor insulation, dark roofs, a lot of glass, limited ventilation options, no air conditioning, no sun protection, and in spaces on the top floors. Many modern, well-insulated buildings with a lot of glass cannot dissipate the captured heat. As a result, during hot days, more short breaks are taken, workers may struggle to concentrate, and the likelihood of errors and accidents increases. This leads to health problems and a loss of labour productivity. This effect is not only relevant for managers of office and industrial buildings but also applies to schools, childcare facilities, and nursing homes.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in the built-up area, now and in the future. If it doesn’t cool down outside at night, it becomes more challenging to keep buildings, offices, and industrial premises comfortably cool.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → gives an indication of the increase in the number of days with reduced labour productivity.
Maps with information about buildings (such as construction year and energy labels) → to estimate which buildings are poorly insulated and become uncomfortably warm, leading to a decrease in labour productivity.

Some measures and guidelines

Targeted information on cooling measures for building owners and users.
Building adjustments such as:
- - Sun protection (preferably outside than inside) and installing overhangs to prevent excessive heat from entering (especially important in well-insulated buildings with a lot of sunlight).
  - Installing active or passive ventilation.
  - Implementing green/blue roofs and facades to prevent internal climate warming.
Assess the heat stress situation at work (see labour union FNV Work Climate app (in Dutch)).
Implementing a hot weather schedule: not working during the hottest hours of the day.
Adjusting work activities.
See also tips from the Dutch labour union FNV (in Dutch) and the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (in Dutch).

Comfort in buildings

Explanation of the problem

During hot days, the temperature in buildings can rise significantly. This happens especially in buildings with poor insulation, dark roofs, a lot of glass, limited ventilation options, no air conditioning, no sun protection, and in spaces on the top floors. Many modern, well-insulated buildings with a lot of glass cannot dissipate the captured heat. The high temperature in buildings leads to health problems, reduced labour productivity, and sleep (quality) problems in the case of residences. Children in schools and daycare centres are also vulnerable when indoor temperatures rise.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in the built-up area, now and in the future. If it stays warm at night, it is more difficult to maintain a pleasant indoor temperature.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → gives an indication of the increase in high indoor temperatures.
Maps with information about buildings (such as construction year and energy labels) → to estimate which houses are poorly insulated and therefore vulnerable.

Some measures and guidelines

Targeted information on cooling measures for building owners and users.
Building adjustments such as:

- Sun protection (preferably outside than inside) and installing overhangs to prevent excessive heat from entering (especially important in well-insulated buildings with a lot of sunlight).
- Installing active or passive ventilation.
- Implementing green/blue roofs and facades to prevent internal climate warming.

Creating a well-accessible (walker-rollator friendly) cool outdoor space near the building, by providing shade and greenery.
See also the brochure ‘De hitte de baas: koeling in zorginstellingen’ (in Dutch) (Mastering the Heat: Cooling in Healthcare Institutions) from the College Bouw Zorginstellingen for tips for healthcare institutions.

Comfort in the city

Explanation of the problem

When it is hot, comfort decreases in many areas within the built environment, especially because it is often warmer there than outside the city. This makes urban outdoor spaces unpleasant for living, shopping, or recreation. This applies to all users of the city: residents, workers, travellers, and tourists. It applies to all locations in public spaces (shopping streets, residential streets, bus stops, parking lots, platforms, stations, market squares, walking and cycling routes, intersections), but also on private properties and in private gardens, particularly in places where the perceived temperature is high.

City planners, in particular, can ensure that the city remains cool and that there are enough cool spots in residential areas, city centres, and office areas where the perceived temperature is pleasant for people to stay.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into areas where it may be uncomfortable during hot days.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → gives an indication of the increase in the number of days when comfort in the city decreases.
Maps with area functions → to determine which areas (residential, working, recreational) need to be adequately cool.
Shade analyses → to determine where there may be insufficient shade for a pleasant and cool environment.
Inventory of cool spots → to determine where pleasant places like city beaches, fountains, and parks are to stay during hot days.
Distance-to-coolness maps → to determine which areas are at an insufficient distance from a cool spot.
Map of drinking water supply points drinking water map → to determine where there are sufficient and insufficient drinking water supply points.

Some measures and guidelines

Spatial adaptation to keep outdoor temperatures and perceived temperatures low: establishment of shade, trees, greenery, specific water features, and other materials to keep outdoor temperatures and perceived temperatures low and to provide enough places in the city where cooling can be found (see, for example,
urban green blue grids for resilient cities | hitte=heat)).
Establish gardens that provide sufficient cooling (see, for example, Huisje Boompje Beter (in Dutch)).
Improve accessibility and usage possibilities of public green spaces.
Create more cooling outdoor spaces such as parks, city beaches, wading pools, water playgrounds, benches, and seating areas in the shade.
Install free water supply points (free drinking water supply points – map of the Netherlands).

Outdoor labour productivity

Explanation of the problem

People working outdoors are more susceptible to high outdoor temperatures. On hot days, when the sun shines brightly, they lose a lot of fluids, and their bodies heat up faster, especially during physical exertion. This results in more frequent short breaks, reduced concentration, and an increased likelihood of errors and accidents during hot days. This leads to health problems and a loss of work productivity. Vulnerable groups include street and roof workers , traffic controllers, police officers, (railway) workers, construction workers, and those working in the green sector. Depending on their activities, employees in logistics and tourism are also vulnerable. Comfort in the city plays a role in this: a workplace shaded by trees is better than an open construction site without any shade.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into areas where the perceived temperature may be too high to work effectively.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in the number of days when work productivity may decrease.
Shade analyses → to determine areas where there may be insufficient shade for work.
Map of common locations of outdoor workers.

Some measures and guidelines

Assess the heat stress situation at work (see labour union FNV Work Climate app (in Dutch)).
Create shade with (temporary) facilities.
Implement a tropical schedule: avoid working during the hottest hours of the day.
Evaluate if working in the heat is necessary.
Alternate outdoor work with work in a cooler place.
Consume cool beverages.
Protect against the sun (hat, sunscreen).
See also tips from the Dutch labour union FNV (in Dutch) and the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (in Dutch).

Cooling water

Explanation of the problem

A prolonged period of heat, combined with drought, can lead to issues for businesses that use and discharge cooling water for their operational processes. There is a distinction between users of cooling water from tap water (e.g. data centres) and cooling water from surface water (e.g. power plants).

Prolonged heat causes the temperature of the cooling water to rise, and a low water level results in a shortage of cooling water. If the surface water becomes too warm, discharging cooling water to prevent harmful ecological effects is prohibited. This situation can lead to a reduced production capacity. For energy companies, this could ultimately mean that power plants need to reduce their energy production (brownout) or even shut down entirely (energy blackout).

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in problems related to cooling water.
Locations of companies that require cooling water in combination with the vulnerability of cooling water during heat and drought.

Some measures and guidelines

Install additional physical provisions around cooling water supply facilities to ensure production is not jeopardized during cooling water shortages.
Network redundancy: Ensure that alternatives are available.
Develop prioritization for (emergency) measures in case of cooling water shortages.

Water quality

Explanation of the problem

During prolonged heat periods, the temperature of surface water rises. This leads to the growth of algae (blue-green algae) and the proliferation of other pathogenic organisms. Warmer water contains less oxygen and enhances decomposition processes in the water bottom. Shallow waterways, in particular, can warm up quickly. This makes the water more nutrient-rich and oxygen-deprived, with negative consequences for the ecosystem, such as fish mortality. It can also lead to unpleasant odours. If it is simultaneously dry for an extended period, a lower water level can increase the concentration of unwanted substances and drug residues, lowering water quality. In dry periods, it is a significant challenge to get enough clean water to the right places.

The decline in water quality is particularly a concern for municipalities and water authorities, as well as users of surface water such as agriculture, fisheries, and recreational activities. If heat (and drought) leads to salinization, locks and barriers can be closed, hindering navigation.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map with the risk of warm surface water (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the locations where heat can have adverse effects on water quality and ecology.
Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the increase in the number of days when surface water is warmed.
Locations of surface water → provides insight into the (critical) locations where water quality may be a problem.
Overview of official and unofficial swimming locations in the municipality.

Some measures and guidelines

Check water quality.
Timely warnings about the quality of swimming locations or closing swimming water locations.
Design urban water to make the water system more robust:
- - By designing enough shallow surface (between 0- and 1-meter depth) with plants that make the system more resistant to algae growth and bring oxygen into the water.
  - By ensuring that as little nutrient-rich (dirty) water as possible enters the system, by detecting faulty connections, preventing sewer overflows, and (re)locating rainwater outlets and sewer overflows at strategic locations in the water system.
Keep large water bodies sufficiently deep through dredging.

Water demand

Explanation of the problem

During periods of heat, water supply companies often experience an increase in water demand from agriculture, livestock farming, households, swimming pools, industry, and electricity companies. Because periods of heat frequently coincides with drought, the water demand is further intensified. There are also more peaks in water consumption because, for example, people often irrigate their gardens. For water supply companies, the higher peak demand is not only a problem due to capacity issues, but also because it changes the pressure in the pipelines. Drinking water pipelines are designed for a specific peak. An increased peak demand can lead to lower water pressure and more complaints about brown water.

Note: During hot periods, the demand for groundwater and surface water may also increase. Surface water levels (clearance height and depth) must be maintained for navigation and water quality. As this is more of a drought problem that can occur outside the city, this topic is not further highlighted in the mind map and factsheets.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the increase in the number of days when water demand rises.

Some measures and guidelines

Provide targeted information to individuals and businesses about drinking water usage during peak demand.

Drinking water quality

Explanation of the problem

If the temperature of the drinking water rises too much, there is a greater risk of a decline in water quality. There is a correlation between temperature and the number of complaints about brown water. Additionally, in warm drinking water, microorganisms such as Legionella can grow more rapidly. This is primarily a concern for water supply companies but can subsequently have negative effects on public health, agriculture, livestock farming, and industry. Tap water should not be warmer than 25°C, which is a legal requirement under the Dutch Drinking Water Act that water supply companies must comply with. The drinking water temperature rises when pipes are close to the surface and when the ground surface becomes hot, causing the soil to warm up. Warming of the drinking water network is also related to other factors such as soil coverage and albedo, soil type, sun/shade, depth of pipes, and the presence of anthropogenic sources (above ground, such as residual building heat, building density, electric charging stations; and below ground, such as district heating networks, geothermal systems, and high-voltage cables that can reach temperatures of up to 90°C). Additionally, tap water in apartments and offices can warm up further as it travels a long way through the building, and these water pipes are not always adequately insulated from other (hot) pipes.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → to determine where drinking water pipes are at risk of overheating.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in the number of days when work productivity may decrease.
Various maps of soil properties and spatial characteristics that influence the temperature in drinking water pipes:
- - Location of the pipes (including known depth).
  - Coverage.
  - Albedo.
  - Soil type.
  - In sun/shade.
  - Location of potential heat sources (anthropogenic sources above and below ground).

Some measures and guidelines

Install drinking water pipes deeper.
Install drinking water pipes in shaded areas as much as possible.
Install drinking water pipes under greenery.
Avoid placing drinking water pipes near heat sources.
Avoid running water pipes along the south facade of apartment buildings or better insulate them.

Energy blackout

Explanation of the problem

In extreme cases, heat, often combined with drought, can lead to problems at power plants. Drought causes a low water level in rivers, resulting in a lack of cooling water; heat causes excessively high temperatures of the cooling water. This situation can lead to a reduced production capacity, forcing power plants to scale back their energy production (brownout) or even shut down completely (energy blackout), affecting society as a whole: households, healthcare, agriculture, livestock, industry, telecommunications, transportation, etc.

Moreover, higher air temperatures significantly reduce the efficiency of electricity generation, decrease the transmission capacity of cables (due to higher resistance), and increase the likelihood of expansion and even rupture of high-voltage cables.

In the Netherlands, power supply failures can generally be managed: there is a dense high-voltage network, and other sources, possibly from abroad, can assist in emergencies. However, even in the Netherlands, an energy blackout is not inconceivable, and the situation worsens if the failure of power plants coincides with other emergencies, such as a sudden increase in energy demand and the failure of nodes in the electricity infrastructure. Energy companies and network operators must prevent this from becoming a reality. Managers of critical infrastructure must be aware of the consequences of brownouts and blackouts and implement measures/emergency plans accordingly.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in problems related to cooling water.
Locations of power plants that require cooling water in combination with the vulnerability of cooling water to heat and drought.
Locations of critical infrastructure where blackouts can have cascade effects (infrastructure bottlenecks, communication networks, hospitals, water purification plants) and information on their specific sensitivity to blackouts and brownouts.

Some measures and guidelines

Implement energy generation and storage systems that are less susceptible to failure during heat and drought.
Design electricity distribution substations/boxes to prevent overheating.
Refer to measures for cooling water.

Energy demand

Explanation of the problem

During a hot period, the energy demand increases due to the rising use of cooling systems and air conditioning. During a period with temperatures around 30°C, the Netherlands consumes approximately 10 % more electricity. Energy companies notice an increase in energy demand on hot days.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of days when the energy demand will increase for more cooling.

Some measures and guidelines

Building adjustments to keep the building cool:
- - Install sunshades (preferably outside) and overhangings to prevent excessive heat from entering (especially important in well-insulated buildings where a lot of sunlight enters).
  - Establish active or passive ventilation.
  - Implement green/blue roofs and facades to prevent indoor warming.
Use energy-efficient equipment (a fan consumes much less energy than an air conditioner).
Provide targeted information about cooling measures and energy consumption during hot days.
Spatial adaptation to keep outdoor temperature and perceived temperature low (see comfort in the city).

Pavement

Explanation of the problem

Asphalt can reach temperatures of 60°C or even higher during hot days. Heat softens asphalt and makes it sticky by melting the binder (bitumen) in the surface layer. This leads to rutting or even damages to the road surface. At intersections, traffic lights, and curves, asphalt sticks to car tires, causing potholes in the road surface. Asphalt also retains heat for an extended period; cooling occurs slowly, so during hot periods, the asphalt doesn’t have sufficient time to cool down at night. Concrete pavers and pavement slabs are also affected by heat; they expand, rise, and may break.

Damage to pavement is particularly problematic for road authorities and the transportation sector. At critical infrastructure nodes such as ports, pavement damage can lead to cascade effects.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in the number of nights when asphalt cannot cool adequately at night.
Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the locations where pavement is at risk of overheating.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of days when pavement damage may occur.
Locations of asphalt roads and concrete pavement.

Some measures and guidelines

Modify the asphalt mixture by incorporating harder bitumen or polymers.
Add white stones to asphalt or concrete paving stones to reflect more radiation and reduce temperature.
Install asphalt with an open structure, allowing (rain)water to flow through and provide cooling.
Create shade on the road surface.
As an emergency measure, spread salt: salt attracts moisture from the air, cooling the asphalt. Additionally, salt extracts moisture from the asphalt, making it less fluid.

Bridges

Explanation of the problem

Due to heat, steel expands. Movable steel bridges may, when exposed to excessive heat, no longer open or close. In municipalities with movable steel bridges, this leads to problems on the road (when the bridge cannot close) or on the water (when the bridge cannot open). In the summer of 2018, this affected 70 bridges in Friesland alone at one point. In Amsterdam, 12 bridges remained closed, rendering two main shipping routes through the city impassable. The expansion of bridges poses a problem for transporters, (rail)road and bridge authorities, as well as users of (water)ways such as emergency services, the transportation sector, and recreational shipping.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in problems related to the expansion of bridges.
Locations of movable bridges (Climate Impact Atlas) → to determine vulnerable areas.
Overview of critical infrastructure networks → identification of potential bottlenecks in transportation routes.

Some measures and guidelines

Cool bridges by keeping them wet with water sprayers (usually from surface water).
Modify bridges (grinding) to address expansion issues.
Ensure that alternative routes are available.
Design new bridges to be less susceptible to expansion.

Railway track

Explanation of the problem

Due to heat, the temperature of rails significantly increases, causing the rails to expand. This expansion can lead to the bending of the rails, also known as rail track buckling (‘spoorspatting’ in Dutch). Rail track buckling poses a risk of derailment and sometimes results in the failure of the signalling system. This is particularly problematic for rail managers (such as Prorail (Dutch rail track infrastructure manager) or municipal transportation companies) and for municipalities with tram or light rail infrastructure. Indirectly, this is a problem for rail users, such as the transportation sector, which may experience delays and related damages.

In addition to heat-induced rail track buckling, problems can arise from switches that no longer function properly and bridges that fail to close. There is also a risk of overheating in the electrical system; the railway system is highly connected and dependent on energy and ICT for security and communication.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

None

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in problems related to rails.
Locations of the rail infrastructure and identification of vulnerable points in the transportation network → provides insight into the cascade effects of disruptions in routes on various users.

Some measures and guidelines

Increase rail inspections during hot days.
Lay rail tracks with a different tension during construction (resistant to higher temperatures).
Develop alternative routes in case vulnerable points or bottlenecks are affected.
Establish priorities for (emergency) measures in case of rail problems.

Sleep quality

Explanation of the problem

Heat can result in hot bedrooms. Whether this occurs and to what extent depends on various characteristics of the home and the bedroom, such as the level of insulation, the orientation of the bedroom and windows in relation to the sun, the presence of sunshades or climate control, ventilation options, and the floor on which the bedroom is located. The location in the city also plays a role: is the residence in a warm neighbourhood or not? Furthermore, individual behaviour is crucial: is sun shading applied, and is ventilation done at the right times of the day?

High temperatures in bedrooms can cause sleep problems. As a result, people may sleep less soundly, less deeply, wake up more often, and take longer to fall back asleep. This can lead to health problems. Poor sleep also results in daytime concentration problems, affecting both indoor and outdoor work productivity.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in the built-up area, now and in the future. If it remains warm at night, it is more challenging to maintain a comfortably cool environment indoors, which is necessary for a good night’s sleep.

Additional maps

Maps with information about buildings (such as construction year and energy labels) → to estimate which buildings are poorly insulated and heat up earlier, leading to sleep quality problems due to heat.
Maps with information about vulnerable groups (such as Climate Impact Atlas|Impacts| Severely lonely people aged 75+) → to estimate where vulnerable groups live that may experience sleep quality problems due to heat.

Some measures and guidelines

Behavioural adjustments: ventilate the bedroom at the right time of the day, use sunshades, sleep in a cooler area of the house.
Modify buildings to better protect against heat (see comfort in buildings).
Improve climate control in the bedroom (ventilation, sunshades, roof insulation, air conditioning).
Spatial adaptation to keep outdoor temperature and perceived temperature low (see comfort in the city).

comfort in the city).

Health problems

Explanation of the problem

Heat affects people’s health, ranging from muscle cramps to an accelerated heart rate or heatstroke. During heat stress, the body tries to dissipate body heat through sweating and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels). Sometimes these cooling mechanisms are insufficient, such as in the case of older individuals who experience thirst less quickly and small children whose bodies heat up faster than adults. Users of certain medications may also struggle to maintain their body temperature. Other vulnerable groups include individuals with weak health, chronic illnesses, patients in nursing or care homes, elderly people living at home, those with heart, vascular, or respiratory conditions, diabetes patients, homeless individuals, athletes, participants in events, and people working outdoors.
Health problems can result in additional pressure on healthcare and emergency services, more hospital admissions, and even
mortality.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in built-up areas, now and in the future. When it’s warm at night, buildings may not cool down sufficiently, keeping the indoor temperature high. This can lead to health problems.
Detailed heat map of the perceived temperature on a hot day Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the daytime locations where it is so hot that people may experience health issues and shows where there is a lack of cool places.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in problems related to heat-related health issues.
Maps with information about buildings (such as construction year and energy labels) → to estimate which buildings are poorly insulated and heat up earlier, leading to health issues.
Maps with information about vulnerable groups (such as Climate Impact Atlas|Impacts| Severely lonely people aged 75+) → to estimate where vulnerable groups live that may experience health problems due to heat.

Some measures and guidelines

Behavioural adjustments: drink enough water, wear light clothing, stay out of the sun (see also the infographic from infographic from the Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD)(in Dutch), tips from the Red Cross, and tips from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).
Implement heat protocol; organize care for vulnerable people.
Activate the National heatwave plan or a local heatwave plan.
Develop a heatwave plan for/with volunteer organizations.
Modify buildings to better protect against heat (see comfort in building).
Spatial adaptation to keep outdoor temperature and perceived temperature low (see comfort in the city).

Healthcare and emergency services

Explanation of the problem

Heat stress can lead to health problems, increasing pressure on healthcare and emergency services workers (such as home care, general practitioners, ambulance services and rescue teams). The increasing pressure arises both because these workers have to provide more care and because they themselves will be affected by the heat. Moreover, during events on hot days, emergency services will be busier.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in built-up areas, now and in the future. When it’s warm at night, buildings may not cool down sufficiently, keeping the indoor temperature high. This can lead to health problems and increase pressure on healthcare.

Additional maps

Maps with information about vulnerable groups (such as Climate Impact Atlas|Impacts| Severely lonely people aged 75+) → to estimate where vulnerable people live and where the pressure on local healthcare and emergency services may be highest.
Maps with information about buildings (such as construction year and energy labels) → to estimate where poorly insulated buildings are, leading to a high indoor temperature and potential health issues, thereby increasing pressure on local healthcare and emergency services.

Some measures and guidelines

The pressure on healthcare and emergency services is mainly reduced when health problems are prevented (see measures for health problems.)
Also, refer to the tips (in Dutch) on the knowledge platform for nursing, care, home care, and primary care.

Hospital admissions

Explanation of the problem

Heat stress could result in health problems, causing an increase in hospital admissions with patients who have become unwell due to the heat. This can result in departments, such as cardiology, becoming overloaded. According to German research, on a tropical day (maximum temperature of 30°C or higher), the number of additional hospital admissions due to heat is 1.079 per 100,000 inhabitants.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in a built-up area, now and in the future. The number of hospital admissions increases as the temperature rises.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in a built-up area, now and in the future. The number of hospital admissions increases as the temperature rises.
Maps with information about vulnerable groups (such as Climate Impact Atlas|Impacts| Severely lonely people aged 75+) → to estimate how many additional hospital admissions may occur.

Some measures and guidelines

The number of hospital admissions is mainly reduced by preventing health problems (see measures for health problems)

Mortality

Explanation of the problem

During a heatwave, the mortality rate in the Netherlands can increase, particularly among the elderly. In the 2018 heatwave, approximately 100 more people died in the Netherlands than in an average summer week, and during the 2006 heatwave period, there were almost 400 more deaths than in an average summer week.

Average figures over several years show that during a heatwave, the mortality rate in the Netherlands increases by 12 percent. This translates to about 40 additional deaths per day compared to a period with lower temperatures. The question, of course, is whether this will remain the same in the future. It is possible that if temperatures during heatwaves become consistently higher, more people will die. However, it’s also possible that we will be better adapted, leading to fewer deaths at the same high temperatures.

Municipalities with a high number of independently living elderly and healthcare institutions are entities that can take measures to prevent excess mortality due to heat.

Information and maps for better understanding

Basic maps according to the standardized stress test

Map showing the number of warm nights per year (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides insight into the number of warm nights in built-up areas, now and in the future. Mortality increases as the temperature rises.

Additional maps

Map showing the number of summer or tropical days now and in the future (Climate Impact Atlas) → provides an indication of the increase in problems related to mortality.
Maps with information about vulnerable groups (such as Climate Impact Atlas | Impacts | Severely lonely people aged 75+) → to get an impression of possible problem areas.

Some measures and guidelines

Measures that can reduce heat-related mortality are the same as those that can prevent health problems (see measures for health problems)